Load ratings and strength values for common fasteners in various materials. Essential for structural and load-bearing applications.
Withdrawal Strength: Resistance to being pulled straight out (parallel to fastener)
Shear Strength: Resistance to sideways force (perpendicular to fastener)
Note: Values shown are for standard SPF (Spruce-Pine-Fir) lumber. Hardwoods may require pilot holes but provide better holding. All values are approximate and for reference only - consult structural engineer for load-bearing applications.
| Nail Type & Size | Length | Withdrawal (lbs) | Shear (lbs) | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16d Common | 3.5" | 80 | 135 | Framing, structural |
| 10d Common | 3" | 60 | 110 | Framing, general |
| 8d Common | 2.5" | 45 | 90 | Sheathing, siding |
| 6d Common | 2" | 35 | 70 | Light framing, trim |
| 16d Box (thinner) | 3.5" | 70 | 105 | Finish work, less splitting |
| 8d Finish | 2.5" | 35 | 60 | Trim, molding |
| Screw Type & Size | Length | Withdrawal (lbs) | Shear (lbs) | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #10 x 3" Wood Screw | 3" | 220 | 210 | Structural connections |
| #10 x 3" Deck Screw | 3" | 200 | 195 | Decking, outdoor |
| #8 x 2.5" Wood Screw | 2.5" | 175 | 165 | General construction |
| #8 x 2" Deck Screw | 2" | 140 | 135 | 5/4 decking, fence |
| #6 x 1.5" Drywall Screw | 1.5" | 90 | 80 | Drywall, light duty |
| #8 x 1.25" Cabinet Screw | 1.25" | 110 | 105 | Cabinets, furniture |
Screws provide 2-3x better withdrawal strength than nails of similar diameter
GRK & Similar Structural Screws:
| Size | Withdrawal (lbs) | Shear (lbs) | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| #10 x 3" | 280 | 245 | Ledger boards, joist hangers |
| #10 x 5" | 450 | 245 | Beam connections, heavy duty |
| 1/4" x 6" Lag Screw | 500+ | 600 | Major structural connections |
Advantages: No pre-drilling required (most cases), star drive resists cam-out, hardened steel, weather resistant coatings
Wood Species
Moisture Content
Grain Direction
Penetration Depth
Use Nails When:
Use Screws When:
⚠️ IMPORTANT: Do not use these values for critical structural calculations
For Structural Projects:
Wall Framing (stud to plate): Two 16d common nails or 3" structural screws
Joist to Rim Board: Three 16d nails toenailed OR joist hanger with specified nails
Subfloor (3/4" plywood): 8d ring shank nails or #8 x 2" screws, 6" edges, 12" field
Deck Boards: Two #8 x 2.5" deck screws per joist
Deck Ledger (critical!): 1/2" lag screws or structural screws, per code spacing
Fence Pickets: Two 8d galvanized nails or #8 x 2" screws per rail
Drywall (1/2"): #6 x 1-1/4" drywall screws, 12" on center
Trim/Molding: 6d or 8d finish nails or 1-1/2" 18ga brad nails
Ring Shank / Spiral Nails
Holding Power: 40-60% better withdrawal than smooth nails
Use: Subfloors, sheathing, any high-withdrawal application
Joist Hanger Nails
Critical: Use only manufacturer-specified nails (usually 10d x 1.5" specific type)
Do NOT substitute: Regular nails, drywall screws, or random fasteners
Structural Connectors (Simpson, etc.)
Follow specs: Each connector has specific fastener requirements
Load tables: Based on using correct fasteners - substitution voids rating
This comprehensive fastener withdrawal and shear strength reference helps DIYers and builders select the right nails and screws for their projects based on actual holding power. Understanding fastener strength is essential for structural integrity, preventing failures, and building to code requirements.
Withdrawal strength measures resistance to being pulled straight out, while shear strength measures resistance to sideways forces. Screws typically provide 2-3x better withdrawal strength than nails of similar size, but nails excel in shear strength and are often specified by building codes for framing applications.
This guide covers common nails and screws, factors affecting holding power (wood species, grain direction, moisture content), when to choose nails vs screws, and proper fastener selection for common applications from framing to deck building.
Selecting the right fastener ensures your projects are structurally sound and meet building codes. This guide helps you choose appropriate fasteners for any application.